Jewish people is not permanent. In the future, when a precise number of Gentiles are saved at a time known only to God, God will lift the hardening of Israel and show them mercy (v. 31). It is God’s intention to show His grace and mercy. In order to do that, He shuts up all in disobedience (synonymous with “hardening”) so that He may show mercy to all, to “all people groups (i.e., Jews and Gentiles) without distinction,” not “all individuals without exception.” 11:33–36. The doxology that closes